Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Science in the Modern World‖ (May 4-6, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Barcelona, Spain, 2026. - 260 p.

98 4. Political polarization. Migration has become a focal point of public debate, contributing to social tensions and political fragmentation. Overall, migration processes in Spain are systemic, long-term, and structural in nature. They simultaneously function as a driver of economic development and a source of complex social and political challenges. Effective migration governance therefore requires a comprehensive and multidimensional policy approach that integrates economic, social, and legal instruments. Future research should focus on assessing the long-term impacts of migration on the labour market, social stratification, and the sustainability of the welfare state. REFERENCES: 1. Barra A., et al. An analysis of a large dataset on immigrant integration in Spain. The Statistical Mechanics perspective on Social Action. Scientific Reports. 2014. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep04174 (Accessed 20 Apr 2026). 2. Finotelli C., Cassain L., Echeverria G. Spain. Country Brief on Irregular Migration. Policy Context. 2024. URL: https://irregularmigration.eu/wp- content/uploads/2024/11/MIRREM-Finotelli-et-al-2024-Spain-Country-Brief- on-Irregular-Migration-v1.pdf (Accessed 28 Apr 2026). 3. Giovanis E., Akdede S. H. Integration Policies in Spain and Sweden: Do They Matter for Migrants’ Economic Integration and Socio-Cultural Participation? SAGE Open. 2021. Vol. 11, Issue 4. URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/21582440211054476 (Accessed 2 Apr 2026). 4. González García J. Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return Procedures. Paix et Sécurité Internationales – Journal of International Law and International Relations. 2019. URL: