Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Science in the Modern World‖ (May 4-6, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Barcelona, Spain, 2026. - 260 p.

94 PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE UDC 314.7(460) Valentyna Hodlevska PhD, DSc, Prof. of the University of Gdańsk Poland MIGRATION PROCESSES IN SPAIN: CURRENT REALITIES AND CHALLENGES Abstract. This article examines contemporary migration processes in Spain based on empirical data (INE, OECD) and recent scholarly research. It analyzes the country’s transformation from a source of emigration into a major destination for immigration in Europe, as well as the structure of migration flows, their socio- economic impacts, integration dynamics, and the challenges of migration governance. The study demonstrates that migration has a dual effect: it contributes to economic growth while simultaneously generating structural social and political tensions. Keywords: migration, international migration, Spain, migration policy, migrant integration, labor market, demographic change, social integration, political challenges. The migration dynamics of Spain in recent decades have been characterized by a classic transition from a country of emigration to a major destination for immigration. Between the 1960s and the 1980s, approximately three million people left Spain in search of economic opportunities, primarily migrating to European countries such as