Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Science in the Era of Globalization‖ (May 22-24, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. - Zurich, Switzerland, 2026. - 353 p.

73 a real risk of persecution, torture, or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as well as other serious violations of human rights [2]. After the completion of the asylum procedure and a determination that the individual meets the criteria set out in Article 1(A) of the Convention, the person acquires refugee status and enjoys the full range of rights provided under the Convention, including protection against expulsion, access to courts, employment, education, and social welfare [2]. These provisions apply without temporal or geographical limitations in accordance with Article 1 of the 1967 Protocol [3]. Additional normative foundations for the protection of asylum seekers are provided by provisions of universal human rights treaties. In particular, Article 7 of the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establishes an absolute prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, which, in the practice of the UN Human Rights Committee, has been interpreted as including a prohibition on expulsion or return of a person to a state where there is a real risk of such treatment [8]. Furthermore, Article 13 of the Covenant enshrines procedural safeguards for aliens in cases of expulsion, including the requirement of an individual assessment of each case and the opportunity to submit arguments against removal, which constitutes an important element of ensuring the right to effective protection [8]. Although this provision permits expulsion as such, it establishes mandatory procedural safeguards that limit state discretion and prevent arbitrary removal. Particular importance is attached to Article 3 of the 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which explicitly enshrines the principle of non-refoulement in cases where there are substantial grounds for believing that a person would be in danger of being subjected to torture [9]. Unlike general humanitarian provisions, this norm has an imperative character and admits no exceptions, including considerations of national security or public order. The practice of the UN Committee against Torture (CAT) further elaborates the criteria for assessing a ―real risk,‖ including the general situation in the country of origin, the individual circumstances of the applicant, and the existence of