Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference ―Modern Science and Education‖ (April 10-12, 2026) / Publisher website: www.naukainfo.com. – Paris, France, 2026. - 217 p.

43 migration flows continue to reshape trafficking patterns, requiring constant adaptation of policies. In this context, the gender dimension becomes particularly important, as women are disproportionately affected due to economic vulnerability, discrimination, and exposure to violence. Therefore, the development of gender-sensitive policies is essential for effectively addressing trafficking in women and ensuring adequate protection and support for victims [7, p. 820]. The practical implementation of EU anti-trafficking policies can be effectively illustrated through national case studies, particularly those of Italy and France. These countries represent important migration destinations within the European Union and have developed comprehensive frameworks to address trafficking in women. Their experiences highlight both the strengths and limitations of EU-level regulations when applied in national contexts [4, p. 289]. In Italy, anti-trafficking measures are closely linked to migration management and labour market regulation. The country has implemented legal provisions aimed at protecting victims, including residence permits for trafficked persons who cooperate with authorities. Additionally, Italy has developed specialized programs targeting exploitation in sectors such as domestic work and agriculture, where migrant women are particularly vulnerable [5, p. 173]. However, despite these efforts, challenges remain in ensuring effective enforcement of anti-trafficking laws in Italy. Informal labour markets and the presence of irregular migrants create conditions that facilitate exploitation. This demonstrates that legal frameworks alone are insufficient without strong monitoring mechanisms and effective institutional coordination. France has also taken significant steps to align its national legislation with EU directives on trafficking in human beings. The country has introduced national action plans focused on prevention, victim protection, and prosecution of traffickers. French authorities actively cooperate with EU agencies and international partners, which enhances the effectiveness of their anti-trafficking efforts [3, p. 463]. At the same time, France faces challenges related to the identification of victims and access to support services. Many victims remain undetected due to the hidden nature of trafficking and fear of reporting crimes. This highlights the importance of improving